After the capture of General Emilio Aguinaldo at Palanan, Isabela in 1901, the Filipino-American War ended as far as the United States and Filipino elites were concerned. But to the Filipino masses, who looked upon their war against the Americans as a continuing struggle for independence. In fact, despite the Aguinaldo capture, the remaining leaders of the Aguinaldo Army, particularly General Miguel Malvar in Batangas, General Vicente Lukban in Samar, and other army was obvious from the revolutionary activitites of Macario Sakay after thesurrender of Lukban and Malvar. Sakay, who attempted to put up his own Tagalog Republic with its own constitution, kept alive the struggle for independence even after he saw the lost cause of the Aguinaldo war against imperialism. Sakay was eventually persuaded by Dominador Gomez to yield but the masses who had looked up to him for continuing resistance did not follow suit.Even before the fall of Aguinaldo, sporadic clashes between Muslims and American troops started in Moroland. It was a part of American colonial policy not to provoke the Muslims to violent reaction while the American war against Aguinaldo's armed forces was going on. The signing of the Bates Treaty on August 20, 1899 was part of this colonial strategy to neutralize the Sulu Muslims who were spoiling for battle against the Americans. By 1902, the Americans had reduced the Filipino resistance to small guerilla-type attacks on Americans stations. This allowed American attention to be focused on the "Moro Problem".
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